Effective actives include salicylic acid (0.5-2%), niacinamide (4-5%), azelaic acid (10-20%), and benzoyl peroxide (2.5-5%). Retinol and retinoids reduce sebum and unclog pores. Zinc PCA and allantoin soothe inflammation. Combine actives carefully to avoid irritation; many brands layer a gentle hydrating base with one targeted active. Consult a cosmetic chemist to balance efficacy and skin tolerability.
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